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Summary
The article “Ship traffic through Tønder Customs House in 1713”
provides, based on customs records from Tønder, a snapshot of
the year’s traffic through this customs house. There were about
150 shipments of goods back and forth through the customs
house, which were carried by a total of 99 skippers. This implies
that most skippers can only have carried one or two shipments
during the year. Vessels at the customs house carried between
two and 10 so-called “læster” (app. 2 tonnes), with an average
of five læster. Only rarely do the customs records say anything
about what type of vessel was involved.
Two-thirds of the skippers came from the northern Wadden Sea
coast, from Hjerting in the north to Ejdersted in the south. Of
the remaining skippers, 24 came from Friesland and 10 from
the Dutch province of Holland, while the last two came from
the German towns of Bremen and Hamburg. The area of ope-
rations ranged from Norway in the north to Amsterdam in the
south. The exports were predominantly agricultural crops such
as rye, barley, oats and rape. The imports were more mixed and
consisted primarily of consumer goods that were available in
the larger towns. Holland was the largest export destination,
followed by Bremen and, in third place, Hamburg. Wood was
imported from Norway, but there were no exports in the oppos-
ite direction.
The two most active skippers at the customs house transpor-
ted seven and six shipments respectively. One of them, Dücke
Paÿsen from Föhr sailed regularly between Højer and Bremen
in his smack. He shipped rye to Bremen and returned with con-
sumer goods for three different clients. The other, Mombke
Paÿsen from Galmsbüll, sailed to Holland, Hamburg and Am-
sterdam. He also exported rye and imported consumer goods,
but he had up to 13 different clients.
The market town of Tønder had been cut off from the sea as
a result of dyke construction in 1554-55, so most of the traffic
actually took place from Højer. In addition, small harbours in
the marshlands south of Tønder were used on some occasions,
including to ship crops from the newly dyked polders.
The source material does not allow a direct comparison to be
made between Tønder and the two neighbouring towns to the
north, Ribe and Varde. For the latter two towns, the oldest pre-
served customs records come from 1731. Therefore, a compar-
ison of the three customs houses should only be undertaken
with reservation. All three customs houses had the same area of
operation ranging from Norway to Amsterdam, but there was
less emphasis on exports of agricultural goods from Ribe and
Varde. On the other hand there was a large export of fish from
Ribe and of black pots from Varde.
The customs records from Tønder of 1713 provide a snapshot in
time of traffic through Tønder, and it is only a single element in
the overall history of shipping in the Wadden Sea. Other sources
must be pulled in if a more nuanced picture is to be drawn. The
study of Tønder is also included in the larger project “Trade and
social life. A research and communication project based on Dan-
ish–Dutch contacts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centur-
ies”, funded by the VELUX FONDEN.